Thursday, November 11, 2021

In Memory of Martin Reuther

Several months ago, quite by accident, I met a man named Martin Reuther.  Martin had been scouring the internet searching for items about Volhynia and came across this very blog.  He then searched for me on Facebook and we struck up a chat.  He was very friendly and was more than a little surprised of my interest in Volhynia.

He mentioned that the very next day, he’d be traveling to Pluzhne and that he’d be passing through Lisna (Lilewa) and he volunteered to take some photos for me.  Sure enough, the next day he was back and he was offering some photos of the village and cemetery there.  I thanked him profusely and then he mentioned that he ran an NGO from Zdolbitsa where he had lived for a couple years (he was originally from Germany).  His NGO focused on multi-cultural connections.  He himself worked to connect people in other countries and right then he was working to connect the agriculture school in Pluzhne with one in USA.  His goal was for the two schools to share knowledge, learn from one another, and especially for the Ukrainian students to practice their English skills in dealing with the Americans.

We talked about the fact that my ancestors, German settlers in Volhynia, established several villages in the Pluzhne-Ostrog area and that there are many descendants of these settlers in North America who are interested in the history.  Martin seemed very intrigued that there could be people in North America who were thinking about their roots in Ukraine – people who might travel to Ukraine or who would be trying to learn more about the area.

Early on, Martin suggested that we talk via Zoom.  He called me and we had a chat about the type of work he does and what my interests were in Volhynia.  He was a very relaxed buy; big smile and very confident of himself.  

At that time, Martin was working with the city of Ostrog, trying to get them to hire him as some sort of cultural advisor.  He said if he could get them to hire him, he’d try to set up a small Mennonite museum in the town somehow.  He had me write an email to city administrators to let them know I was researching their town, that my ancestors were from there, and there was interest from the USA in their town.  These efforts came to nothing.  He later told me that he was almost literally down on his knees begging these administrators to recognize Mennonite heritage in the area but they weren’t interested.

In the summer, we were on vacation – somewhere in Wisconsin – and one morning I got a text from Martin.  He had a breakthrough with the agriculture school in Pluzhne and needed to find an American college or university that had a strong agriculture school to partner with.  He and I and another of his colleagues went back and forth for several days debating a couple different schools and looking for contacts.  It seemed that Martin had adopted me as an American contact and he wasn’t shy about asking for help.  I didn’t have a problem whatsoever trying to help him since he seemed like such a good guy.

All was quiet for a while and Martin mentioned once that he’s paired the school in Pluzhne with the University of Maryland.  All during this time he was connecting me on Facebook to people and organizations in Ostrog.  My Facebook feed got to the point where I couldn’t do anything with it – every post that came across was in Ukrainian.  I didn’t even see my American friends anymore.

Then one day Martin appeared and he wanted to phone me.  He’d had a meeting in Pluzhne and now he had his chance to press on with some sort of initiative with German Mennonites in Pluzhne.  He asked me when I was coming to visit and when I did, I’d sleep in his house and eat his food.  He told me that whatever we did – set up a Mennonite museum or whatever – we’d get grants from the government.  No one needed to come with a suitcase full of money although he’d welcome that if it happened.  We talked via Facebook as he walked along a road towards his home.  He was confident and happy and I know no he was totally in his element.  He was walking in the sunshine, out in the open in a small town, solidifying an international friendship.  That’s what Martin was all about.

The next several weeks had us setting up a Facebook chat with several Ukrainian locals.  Martin connected me with a Volyn-German museum in Germany.  We had a Zoom conference call with a number of folks and Martin always insisted we all speak English.  One of his goals with the whole deal was for the Ukrainians to practice their English on me.

We had a lot of back-and-forth on that chat and then one day Martin suggested that we should adopt the project of restoring a Mennonite house.  Several weeks prior, one of the Ukrainians in the chat took photos in Karolswalde and we decided that one of the houses he photographed had to be Mennonite-built.  I asked Martin if he was serious and he said absolutely!  He said the chat had come to a point where we needed a goal – a project to work on – and the restoration of a house was perfect.

The next several days we talked about logistics, etc.  And then Martin contacted me again in a few days and told me to write a letter to administration officials in Khmelnitsky.  His Pluzhne-Univ of Maryland project was rolling, he had mentioned me and the Mennonites to them, and they wanted to help.  I promptly sent out a message and within a few days I had a letter from a Khmelnitsky official saying she supported efforts and would help organize.  She supported using Mennonite history in the area to create relationships.  Another few days and I had a similar letter from the head of the village community of Pluzhnanska.  Wow!  I had two different local administrations pledging their support!  This was much farther than I’d ever been with relations with Volhynian folks!

The chat continued and intensified.  Alexander and Sergey would go into Karolswalde in 3 weeks and initiate negotiations to purchase the house.  Martin said he and I would begin working to write up the project.  I didn’t know exactly what that meant but assumed it would be so Martin could apply to the appropriate organizations for funding.  We added a couple more members to the chat and really – this house restoration thing was for real!  This is actually getting of the ground!  Martin mentioned that we needed to organize an online conference to talk about what was going on.  We need more people involved, more opportunities for funding.

That night I couldn’t sleep.  I got up about 2:00 wanting to move to the couch to sleep.  I grabbed my phone so I’d have it for a clock and I noticed there was activity at the chat – several messages from Sergey and Yuri and Alexander all in Ukrainian.  Ugh – I need to translate it but it might be something exciting.  The first message was from Sergey – “Martin is dead”.  Yuri denied it but Sergey persisted.  “He’s dead.  Go look at his Facebook page”.  Back-and-forth…  and it was true.  I’d talked to him about 15 hours previously but now he was, in fact, dead.  Martin had apparently had a pulmonary embolism and suffered sudden death from a heart attack.

Just devastated.  Here was a guy – just 41 years old – with a wife and a young son – he’s energetic, kind, enthusiastic, full of ideas and motivation.  He had created German departments at a couple Ukrainian universities, created his own NGO to support multinational cultural projects, and now he was gone.  He knew how to do everything – he knew how to get funding, how to contact and connect people, knew all the languages, he had contacts everywhere.  And he was gone.  

I didn’t really even know this guy but I’m absolutely gutted.  My plans for restoring a Mennonite house may or may not come true now – that’s an aside actually.  We were getting really close to getting things rolling and I may never get that close again.  That’s beside the point.

I’m finding out, via Facebook, that Martin was almost “famous”.  He was known and admired all across Europe and there are articles being written about him.  I don’t know if he was religious, I don’t know what his politics were, I really don’t know much about him.  But he tried to help me.  He invited me into his home.  He was enthusiastic with idea that at first seemed really far-fetched to me, but with his guidance I now believe it could have actually happened.  I learned a lot from Martin in just a few short months – he taught me lessons I hope I won’t soon forget.  

If we’re able to travel to Ukraine next spring, one of my goals will be to find Martin’s grave and take a few moments there to think about what he’s done for me.  Thanks for everything, Martin.  I’m very grateful to you.  Rest in peace for now but I sincerely hope we’ll meet again someday.

Martin Reuther 31.01.1980 - 06.11.2021






Friday, February 26, 2021

A Post in Memory of Benjamin Johan Nachtigal

Benjamin Johan Nachtigal was born 1 March 1887, the 4th child of Johan David and Helena (Decker), probably in Menziliski, Ostrog County, Volyn Governorate, Russia.  As a youth, he was baptized by his father, a minister of the Lilewa congregation. [1]

The village of Leeleva (Lilewa) showing the house of John Nightingale (Johan David Nachtigal) towards the lower left, in Menziliski. 


Benjamin grew up in the tiny village several miles south of Ostrog.  Menziliski was situated in a clearing in the forest just south of the small town of Kuniv.  The boy probably spent a lot of time working as day labor for nearby farming operations, cutting wood in the forest, or spinning and weaving linen.  For a year or two, he probably would have attended school at the Andreas Ratzlaff house in Lilewa, learning to spell words on a handheld slate.  The house where he lived was made of logs cut from the forest and had a simple dirt floor.  Jewish peddlers from Kuniv frequently traveled the roads near the village, as did as Polish Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox folks.  Once in a while, Gypsies camped in the nearby forests and even Muslims could be seen coming from Yuvkivtsi to Ostrog.  Benjamin oftentimes went with his father to sell linen in the fairs at Kuniv or Ostrog.

One of the factors that influenced his childhood was the fact that he was a firsthand witness to the erosion of the Mennonite community of Ostrog County.  By the time he was 25 years old he had witnessed no less than 30 Mennonite families of the Lilewa Mennonite congregation leave Volhynia for USA.  He watched 3 of his brothers leave for USA, as well as his Decker grandparents and 2 aunts and uncles.  Other close family relatives left Volhynia for villages of the more prosperous Molotschna and Chortitza Colonies in New Russia.  When he was a just a small boy, one of his Decker uncles left for Siberia.  He himself stayed in Volhynia to watch after his aging parents, who by the early 19-teens moved to Alexandertal Mennonite Colony near Samara.  By this time the Mennonite community in Ostrog County which had once numbered in the thousands, dwindled to single digits.  A great many of the Mennonites had been replaced by German Baptists.  Benjamin’s younger sister and brother also stayed in Volynia during this time but by the mid-1920s, they had also moved to Crimea and Canada.[2]

Benjamin Johan Nachtigal, near Warsaw, on his wedding; 1913


On 12 March 1913, at 3:00 in the afternoon, Benjamin was married to Anna Ebert, (b1893, daughter of Zacharias and Anna (Bartel)).  Anna was from the village of Markowschisna near Deutsche Kazun.  The wedding may have taken place in the church at Deutche Kazun and perhaps Benjamin became acquainted with his bride through contact with the Low German Mennonite community at Lindenthal in Zhytomir County.  Benjamin traveled to Kazun for the wedding and even had his photo taken for the occasion.  After the wedding, the young couple came back to Ostrog and made their home either in Lilewa or Menziliski, where the groom’s parents lived.[3]

Shepetivka County in the 1920s.  Ostrog was on the other side of the border, in Poland [4]

Four sons were born to the couple: Ewald (1913), Adolf (1915), Richard (1917), and Daniel (1919).  During the Russian Civil War, Ben was called away to serve in the White Army where we believe he was a medical officer.  After the war, the Lilewa area was collectivized and the villages Lilewa, Michalivka, Dertka, Jadwanin, and Sivir, were organized into one collective.  

Benjamin Johan Nachtigal in his military uniform

Times were tough; churches in the county were destroyed, schools were consolidated, languages other than Russian were forbidden.  Riots occurred and both citizens and government officials were killed.   Volhynia was a dangerous place; many dark, terrifying nights passed as various ethnic groups and partisans rained down violence upon one another.  One summer morning in 1925 the violence visited Benjamin’s family.  While walking home along the road to Dertka, his wife Anna witnessed an attack upon innocent villagers by local partisans.  Afraid for her life, she crouched under some bushes by the side of the road, hiding under her shawl.  Later that day she was found, deceased, her body curled up under the shawl.  She had literally been scared to death and died there by the side of the road.[5]

As the 1930s began, life did not get easier in Volhynia.  In winter 1930, in next-door Pluzhne, an uprising occurred which engulfed more than 20 nearby villages.  The rioters demanded an end to the destruction of churches, an end to dekulakization, and an end to the communist regime.  The Soviets bludgeoned the uprising; 49 villagers were killed or arrested while upwards of 2,000 were arrested.[6]

Benjamin re-married to a local woman named Olga and they lived there for another 11 years until Germans in Shepetowka County were rounded up and deported to Kazakhstan.  400 German and Polish families were evicted from Pluzhne Volost, where the Nachtigals lived, in March of 1936.  Benjamin, together with Olga and his sons Adolf and Richard (Ewald had been conscripted into the Red Army and Daniel had been beaten to death by a neighbor), were loaded onto a train of cattle cars and traveled almost 2,000 miles to Kokshetau, Kazakhstan.  They traveled with only what they could carry, relying on the kindness of locals to provide food and water.

40 trains, each containing 600-900 Volhynian deportees, arrived at the train station at Tayinsha (Тайынша), North Kazakhstan Oblast, in the spring and summer of 1936.  The deportees were organized onto existing kolkhozes and lived under deplorable conditions.  Buildings had no roofs or windows, shipments of food took months to arrive, starvation was rampant.  In 1943 son Adolf was convicted as a spy and imprisoned at Jezkazgan (likely one of the camps of the Steplag system; Adolf was a very unfortunate name to have in Russia in 1943) to work in the mines.  Son Ewald was executed at a Gulag camp somewhere in Krasnoyarsk.  Benjamin himself was likely conscripted into the Labor Army.[7]

Benjamin Nachtigal, late in his life, with wife Olga and unknown younger lady (step-daughter?)

Benjamin wasn’t forgotten by his brothers in USA.  In 1953, the brothers pooled a good amount of money together and mailed it to Benjamin.  The thought was that Benjamin could use the money to bring himself and his family to North America.  The money, however, was discovered by the KGB.  Benjamin was afraid for his life and turned it over to the local government.  The money was then contributed to the building fund for an orphanage in a nearby town or village.[8]

Konstantinovka, circled in red, northeast from Kokshetau in Chkalovo District of Northern Kazakhstan [9]

Benjamin lived out his days in Kazakhstan, dying in the tiny village of Konstantinowka (near Chkalovo/Чкалово) on 2 March 1970, 1 day clear of his 83rd birthday.  The descendants of Benjamin and Anna were flung across the world; from Estonia to Germany to Moscow to Jezkazgan to Oregon and California.

[1] See John David Nightengale Family Record, Hattie Mae Nightengale, 1976; Descendants of John David Nightengale, Johanna Rempel, 2012; Genealogical Registry anDatabase of Mennonite Ancestry, CMHS, GM21-01 Jan 2021.)

[2] Post-1875 Volhynian Immigrants; Rodney D Ratzlaff; December, 2019.

[3] Civil Records for the Mennonite Congregation of Deutsch Kazun, Poland: 1868 – 1913; Translated from Russian to German and condensed by Wilhelm Friesen, Detmold, Germany; Edited and Indexed by Glenn H. Penner.

[4] Українська: Волинська губернія, фрагмент мапи Української соц. рад. республіки, адміністративний поділ після 12 квітня 1923 року.

[5] Валерій Ковальчук; Двічі в одну річку; нариси з історії підрадянської Заславщини; ЗАСЛАВ, 2005; Personal interviews with Ludmila Nachtigal Heitz, granddaughter to Benjamin J Nachtigal.

[6] Uprising of the peasants of the Shepetivka district (1930); https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Повстання_селян_Шепетівської_округи_(1930).

[7] German Russians in Chkalovsky district Kokchetav oblasti; vserusskie blog; Pohl, J. Otto, “The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR”, 2001.

[8] Descendants of John David Nightengale, Johanna Rempel, 2012.

[9] N-42-4; Soviet military topographic map series 1.50000.

photos courtesy of Ludmila Nachtigal Heitz